A microscopic probabilistic description of a locally regulated population and macroscopic approximations

We consider a discrete model that describes a locally regulated spatial population with mortality selection. This model was studied in parallel by Bolker and Pacala and Dieckmann, Law and Murrell. We first generalize this model by adding spatial dependence. Then we give a pathwise description in terms of Poisson point measures. We show that different normalizations may lead to different macroscopic approximations of this model. The first approximation is deterministic and gives a rigorous sense to the number density. The second approximation is a superprocess previously studied by Etheridge. Finally, we study in specific cases the long time behavior of the system and of its deterministic approximation.Comment: Published at http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/105051604000000882 in the Annals of Applied Probability (http://www.imstat.org/aap/) by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (http://www.imstat.org

Human Capital and Growth: What Can we Learn from Micro-data? Evidence from Taiwan (1976-95)

This paper uses micro-data to define aggregate human capital stock indicators and proposes various specifications to test for the role of human capital accumulation on economic growth. An empirical evaluation on the Taiwanese experience over the 1975-96 period suggests that: (i) the use of alternative human capital measures does not allow for the identification of significant differences with usual indicators when estimating the direct contribution of human capital accumulation to economic growth, (ii) specifying indirect channels through which human capital accumulation may affect economic growth allows for a clear identification of external effects arising through intersectoral interactions.Taiwan., externality, experience, human capital, economic growth

Wage Differentials and Ownership Structure in Chinese Enterprises

This paper analyses the determinants of wage differentials among different ownership enterprises in urban China in 1955,using an extended version of Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition methods. We find higher wages in state-owned and foreign-invested enterprises compared to urban collectives, but no significant difference in hourly wages between central state-owned and foreign-invested enterprises. Moreover, we find strong evidence for segmentation on the Chinese labor market, the conjunction of segmentation and differences in hours worked being the major determinant of observed differences. We also show that, although foreign-invested enterprises allow for higher global annual income, it is at the cost of longer working hours.China., enterprise ownership, segmentation, labour market

Rural households'decisions towards income diversification: Evidence from a township in northern China

Economic reforms in rural China have brought opportunities to diversify both within-farm activities and off-farm activities. Participation in these activities plays an important role in increasing rural households' income. This paper analyzes the factors that drive rural households and individuals in their income-source diversification choices in a Northern China township. At the household level, we distinguish three types of diversification as opposed to grain production only: within farm (non-grain production) activities, local off-farm activities, and migration. We find that land availability stimulates on-farm diversification. Local off-farm activities are mostly driven by households' assets position and working resources, while migration decisions strongly depend on the household size and composition. At the individual level, we analyze the determinants of participation in three different types of jobs as compared to agricultural work: local off-farm employment, local self-employment and migration. We find a clear gender and age bias in access to off-farm activities that are mostly undertaken by male and by young people. The households' assets position as well as village networks are found to strongly affect participation in off-farm activities.income-source diversification; agricultural households; off-farm employment; China

The Evolution of Gender Earnings Gaps and Discrimination in Urban China, 1988-95

This paper analyzes the impact of market liberalization on gender earnings differentials and discrimination against women in urban China at the beginning of the 1990s. The observed stability in the overall gender earnings gap between 1988 and 1995 is shown to result from a complex set of evolutions across enterprises, earnings distributions, and time. Our results highlight the interplay of opposing forces, with economic reforms contributing to changes in managers' behaviors in different dimensions. On the one hand, by bringing more competition, liberalization favored a reduction in discriminating behaviors in both urban collectives and foreign-invested enterprises; on the other hand, by relaxing institutional rules, it led to a loosening of the government's egalitarian wage-setting policies, leaving more space for discrimination in state-owned enterprises.

Urban income inequality in China revisited, 1988-2002

Using newly available spatial price deflators, this paper shows that inequality evaluations in the literature overstate the magnitude of inequality and inequality changes in China, as well as the role played by regional differences in the observed inequality rise duringthe 1990s.Inequality; China; Spatial price-deflators; Inequality decomposition

Urban income inequality in China revisited (1988–2002)

Using newly available spatial price deflators, this paper shows that inequality evaluations in the literatureoverstate the magnitude of inequality and inequality changes in China, as well as the role played by regional differences in the recent inequality rise.Inequality; China; Spatial price deflators; Inequality decomposition

The Evolution of Gender Earnings Gaps and Discrimination in Urban China: 1988-1995

This paper analyzes the impact of market liberalization on gender earnings differentials and discrimination against women in urban China at the beginning of the 90s. The observed stability in the overall gender earnings gap between 1988 and 1995 is shown to result from a complex set of evolutions across enterprises, earnings distributions and time. Our results highlight the interplay of opposing forces, economic reforms contributing to changes in managers’ behaviors in different dimensions. On the one hand, by bringing more competition, liberalization favored a reduction in discriminating behaviors in both urban collectives and foreign-invested enterprises; on the other hand, by relaxing institutional rules, it led to a loosening of the government’s egalitarian wage setting policies, leaving more space for discrimination in state-owned enterprises.gender earnings differentials, discrimination, enterprise ownership, urban China

Wage Differentials and Ownership Structure in Chinese Enterprises

This paper analyses the determinants of wage differentials among different ownership enterprises in urban China in 1955,using an extended version of Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition methods. We find higher wages in state-owned and foreign-invested enterprises compared to urban collectives, but no significant difference in hourly wages between central state-owned and foreign-invested enterprises. Moreover, we find strong evidence for segmentation on the Chinese labor market, the conjunction of segmentation and differences in hours worked being the major determinant of observed differences. We also show that, although foreign-invested enterprises allow for higher global annual income, it is at the cost of longer working hours.China., enterprise ownership, segmentation, labor market

Quelle temporalité pour l'analyse d'une spéculation foncière ?: L'haussmannisation de la rue de la République à Marseille

International audienceAu moment de sa percée d'inspiration haussmannienne sous le Second Empire comme aujourd'hui, la rue Impériale devenue rue de la République est inscrite dans un projet d'aménagement de l'articulation entre ville et port à Marseille. L'actuel projet, baptisé « Euroméditerranée », s'étend sur 313 hectares de la gare Saint-Charles au fort Saint-Jean, et jusqu'à Arenc. Il s'agit de requalifier un grand secteur urbain, où vivent près de 30 000 habitants et travaillent plus de 20 000 personnes. Ce projet est une opération d'aménagement articulée au développement économique de nouvelles activités, avec la réalisation de 500 000 m2 de bureaux sur 15-20 ans, la création de 6 000 logements neufs et la réhabilitation de 7 000 logements, la création de commerces et d'équipements. L'objectif est l'implantation d'entreprises privées à vocation principalement tertiaire et internationale2. Il vient plus de cent ans après les opérations de construction menées dans le quartier de la Joliette, d'Arenc et du Lazaret par Paulin Talabot (docks) et par Jules Mirès puis Émile Pereire (immeubles résidentiels). Dans les deux cas, il s'agit d'orienter la ville vers les bassins portuaires de la Joliette, de « tirer » les beaux quartiers vers des espaces qui, en 1860, viennent d'être créés, gagnés sur la mer à l'occasion de la construction du port moderne, ou qui, aujourd'hui, viennent d'être libérés par la disparition de certaines activités en lien avec le port. L'essentiel du commerce maritime se fait désormais par Fos et les échanges de marchandises qui continuent de passer par Marseille peuvent être cantonnés dans les bassins du nord, laissant les bassins du sud au développement du trafic des voyageurs vers la Corse et vers le sud de la Méditerranée qui ne requiert pas tant d'infrastructures en arrière des quais. Dans les deux cas, il s'agit de construire un nouveau quartier résidentiel et économique en lien aussi avec la gare de chemin de fer, qui date de 1848 et dont le réaménagement est imposé pour accueillir le nouveau trafic dû à l'extension de la ligne TGV. Entre ces deux grandes intentions politiques de valorisation du site et quel que soit leur degré de réussite, la rue, sur plus d'un siècle, sert de résidence à des habitants qui y trouvent, selon leurs aspirations et selon les époques, une adresse plus ou moins recherchée